Facilitated Diffusion

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What is facilitated diffusion? In membrane, there are protein channels (pores) that allow polar molecules (soluble in water but not soluble in lipids) to move through them. The molecules that move through these channels never come into contact with the hydrophobic layer or the membrane's polar surface because these channels provide a continuous pathway for molecules that are moving through them. In this type of diffusion, like simple diffusion, no energy is consumed. Large and polar molecules require help to pass through the membrane. This help is done by a type of protein called carrier (transport) protein . To pass through the membrane, a molecules binds (temporarily) with carries protein in lipid bilayer and is transported from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.  Related topics: Simple Diffusion
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Livestock enterprises and management

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For Urdu Click Here.

Livestock enterprises and management               

Numerous livestock enterprises

•Traditional  

•Exotic

•Purebred/crossbred

•Recreation

Species of livestock

Cattle,poultry,swine,goat,sheep,horses,rabbits

1.Dairy farming

Basic principles of dairy farming:

1.1.Birth and puberty

•A female calve weighs approximately 40kg at birth.

•If reached correctly,it should reach puberty at one year wjth weight of 250kg.

1.2.Oestrous cycle

•The length of oestrous cycle of cow is 21 days,and it lasts an average of 18 hours.

•The gestation period of cow is 283 days(approximately 9.5 months).

1.3.Lactation

•A cow starts producing milk as soon as she has a calf.

•Cow produce milk for 2 years,if she becomes pregnant,she will go dry 2 months before calving.

•In commercial milk production,she produces milk for 10 months,as we get calve each year from cow.

1.4.Lactation yields

Milk yield depends on breed.

•Holstein:5800kg per year

•Jersey:3400 kg per year

•Friesian: 500kg per year

It also varies among individuls of same specie,A Friesian may yield 2000kg to 12000kg of milk per year.

Milk yield also varies with age.

Milking more than twice a day leaves the cows more prone to diseases such as mastitis.Ideal milking interval should be 12 hours.

2.Sheep farming

It is advantageous in that,

•Low initial investment

•Low labor-except when lambing

•Little investment

•Meat,wool

•Not a huge markect

3.Rabbit farming

•Small acreage requirements

•Minimal cash outlay

•Small market-mostly pets and shows

4.Goat farming

•Milk,meat,fiber

•Ethnic populations

•Dairy-High labor

•Explore market

5.Horse farming

•Facility and acreage requirements

•Expense to purchase

•Enterprises-training,boarding,lessons,breeding

Feeding livestock

1.Feed quality

•If animal does not find feed palatable,it does not eat enough,make good gains,produce meat,milk or eggs.

•Vitamins,minerals and amino acid content will also be affected by soil type.

2.Nutrient need of animals

There are 6 essential nutrients of livestock.

1.Water

2.Carbohydrates

3.Proteins

4.Vitamins

5.Fats

6.Minerals

3.Forages

Some types of forages

•Hay

•Pasture

•Silage

•Crop residues

 

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