Facilitated Diffusion

-
What is facilitated diffusion? In membrane, there are protein channels (pores) that allow polar molecules (soluble in water but not soluble in lipids) to move through them. The molecules that move through these channels never come into contact with the hydrophobic layer or the membrane's polar surface because these channels provide a continuous pathway for molecules that are moving through them. In this type of diffusion, like simple diffusion, no energy is consumed. Large and polar molecules require help to pass through the membrane. This help is done by a type of protein called carrier (transport) protein . To pass through the membrane, a molecules binds (temporarily) with carries protein in lipid bilayer and is transported from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.  Related topics: Simple Diffusion
Post a Comment

Livestock enterprises and management

-

For Urdu Click Here.

Livestock enterprises and management               

Numerous livestock enterprises

•Traditional  

•Exotic

•Purebred/crossbred

•Recreation

Species of livestock

Cattle,poultry,swine,goat,sheep,horses,rabbits

1.Dairy farming

Basic principles of dairy farming:

1.1.Birth and puberty

•A female calve weighs approximately 40kg at birth.

•If reached correctly,it should reach puberty at one year wjth weight of 250kg.

1.2.Oestrous cycle

•The length of oestrous cycle of cow is 21 days,and it lasts an average of 18 hours.

•The gestation period of cow is 283 days(approximately 9.5 months).

1.3.Lactation

•A cow starts producing milk as soon as she has a calf.

•Cow produce milk for 2 years,if she becomes pregnant,she will go dry 2 months before calving.

•In commercial milk production,she produces milk for 10 months,as we get calve each year from cow.

1.4.Lactation yields

Milk yield depends on breed.

•Holstein:5800kg per year

•Jersey:3400 kg per year

•Friesian: 500kg per year

It also varies among individuls of same specie,A Friesian may yield 2000kg to 12000kg of milk per year.

Milk yield also varies with age.

Milking more than twice a day leaves the cows more prone to diseases such as mastitis.Ideal milking interval should be 12 hours.

2.Sheep farming

It is advantageous in that,

•Low initial investment

•Low labor-except when lambing

•Little investment

•Meat,wool

•Not a huge markect

3.Rabbit farming

•Small acreage requirements

•Minimal cash outlay

•Small market-mostly pets and shows

4.Goat farming

•Milk,meat,fiber

•Ethnic populations

•Dairy-High labor

•Explore market

5.Horse farming

•Facility and acreage requirements

•Expense to purchase

•Enterprises-training,boarding,lessons,breeding

Feeding livestock

1.Feed quality

•If animal does not find feed palatable,it does not eat enough,make good gains,produce meat,milk or eggs.

•Vitamins,minerals and amino acid content will also be affected by soil type.

2.Nutrient need of animals

There are 6 essential nutrients of livestock.

1.Water

2.Carbohydrates

3.Proteins

4.Vitamins

5.Fats

6.Minerals

3.Forages

Some types of forages

•Hay

•Pasture

•Silage

•Crop residues

 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Types of wetland-The Knowledge

-
Image
Types of wetlands There are five recognized types of wetlands.(See Wetland ) 1.Marine These are coastal wetlands including coastal lagoons,rocky shores,and coral reefs. Marine wetland 2.Estuarine It include deltas,tidal marshes,and mangrove swamps. Estuarine wetland   3.Lacustrine These wetlands are associated with lakes. Lacustrine wetland   4.Riverine These wetlands are found along rivers and streams. Riverine wetland   5.Palustrine These wetlands lack following water,”marshy”,marshes,swamps and bogs. Palustrine wetland   (See  Impoetance of wetland )  
Read more

Bacillary white diarrhea in poultry

-
Image
 For Urdu Click [ HERE ] Bacillary white diarrhea This disease is also known as pullorum disease as the bacterium named as Salmonella pullorum that causes this disease. It is fatal septicemia in young chicks. •Causes White diarrhea/pullorum disease is caused by bacterium“Salmonella pullorum” •Clinical signs Its symptoms include: Somnolence Weakness Loss of appetite Chalky white diarrhrea Stained greenish brown in and around vent •Treatment Following medication should be done to cure this disease. Enrofloxacin Parental injections Oral liquids Supportive therapy   Bumble foot/Pododermatitis in poultry
Read more

Definition of polyspermy/Fast block anf slow block polyspermy-The Knowledge

-
POLYSPERM Polyspermy refers to the egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Types of polyspermy There are two types of polyspermy. 1.Fast block to polyspermy 2.Slow block to polyspermy Fast block to Polyspermy The Fast block polyspermy is achieved by changing the electric potential of the egg plasma membrane. This membrane provides a selective barrier between the egg cytoplasm and the outside environment, and the ionic concentration of the egg differs greatly from that of its surroundings. This concentration difference is especially significant for sodium and potassium ions. Seawater has a particularly high sodium ion concentration, whereas the egg cytoplasm contains relatively little sodium. The reverse is the case with potassium ions. Slow block to polyspermy The eggs of sea urchins (and many other animals) have a second mechanism to ensure that multiple sperm do not enter the egg cytoplasm. The fast block to polyspermy is transient , since the membrane pot
Read more